Nuerodevelopment

 

• “Theory of Cognitive Development”

 

• • • it was given by Jean Piaget
    • Jean Piaget gave four stages of theory of cognition, viz.,

 

• Sensorimotor

• Preoperational thought

• Concrete operations

• Formal operations

 

• • • The sequence of stages depends on CNS growth and life experiences, and to grow, infants must negotiate one stage successfully before going to the next.
  • A 6 months old child can perform

 

• Sit steadily, leaning forward on hands

• One hand approach and grasp of toys

• Babbles

 

• • “Attachment Behaviour”, which develops during the first year of life, was described by John Bowlby

 

• According to John Bowlby, early separation of infants

 

from their mothers had severe negative effects on

children’s emotional and intellectual development.

 

• “Stranger anxiety” in infants gets fully developed around . 8 months

 

• • • • Stranger anxiety
        • Babies exposed to only one caretaker are more likely to have stranger anxiety.
        • It may occur even when infant is in mother’s arms.

 

• In contrast, separation anxiety usually develops between 10 and 18 months of age.(High yield MCQs)

 

 

• • Adolescence
  • The average age for onset of puberty in girls is 11 years, and in boys is 13 years.
  • Testosterone is responsible for musculinization of boys and estradiol for feminization of girls.
  • High testosterone levels are correlated with aggression and impulsivity in men.
  • Decreased levels of estrogens may be responsible for

depressed mood.

 

• The most common cause of impotence in middle age is alcohol intake

 

• Neuropsychiatric changes associated with aging
  • Psychomotor speed declines
  • Older people take longer to learn new material, but complete learning does occur
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) remains stable until age 80
  • Verbal ability is usually maintained with age.