Nuerodevelopment
- “Theory of Cognitive Development”
-
-
- it was given by Jean Piaget
- Jean Piaget gave four stages of theory of cognition, viz.,
-
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational thought
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations
-
-
- The sequence of stages depends on CNS growth and life experiences, and to grow, infants must negotiate one stage successfully before going to the next.
- A 6 months old child can perform
-
- Sit steadily, leaning forward on hands
- One hand approach and grasp of toys
- Babbles
-
- “Attachment Behaviour”, which develops during the first year of life, was described by John Bowlby
- According to John Bowlby, early separation of infants
from their mothers had severe negative effects on
children’s emotional and intellectual development.
- “Stranger anxiety” in infants gets fully developed around . 8 months
-
-
-
- Stranger anxiety
- Babies exposed to only one caretaker are more likely to have stranger anxiety.
- It may occur even when infant is in mother’s arms.
- Stranger anxiety
-
-
- In contrast, separation anxiety usually develops between 10 and 18 months of age.(High yield MCQs)
-
- Adolescence
- The average age for onset of puberty in girls is 11 years, and in boys is 13 years.
- Testosterone is responsible for musculinization of boys and estradiol for feminization of girls.
- High testosterone levels are correlated with aggression and impulsivity in men.
- Decreased levels of estrogens may be responsible for
depressed mood.
- The most common cause of impotence in middle age is alcohol intake
- Neuropsychiatric changes associated with aging
- Psychomotor speed declines
- Older people take longer to learn new material, but complete learning does occur
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ) remains stable until age 80
- Verbal ability is usually maintained with age.